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May 21 is the 65th anniversary of the world's first floating station. On this day in 1937, Russia set up a camp on an ice-floe and called it Severny Polyus /'North Pole'/ station. Four people -- Ivan Papanin, Pyotr Shirshov, Yevgeny Fyodorov, and Ernst Krenkel -- spent 274 days on the ice-floe, exploring the Arctic basin /which was, at that time, a 'closed book' for Russian scientists/ and sending in weather reports every 6 hours, related Valery Lukin, the head of the Russian Antarctic Expedition.

The second floating station was set up in 1950, after World War II. Since 1954, such stations were set up on a regular basis.

May 12, 2005. Of acquisition in the cases of CJSC “Polyus” acquired on 1 November.

During the 'cold war' period, Russia and the USA regarded the Arctic basin as the most likely theater of war operations and instructed their people on floating stations to spend less time on scientific research and more on protection of their country's defence interests. Specialists were engaged to heed to the needs of the undersea fleet and work out methods of detecting the enemy's submarines in Arctic waters. The last floating station, Severny Polyus-31, was closed in 1991 because of the country's financial crisis.

Contents • • • • • • • Overview [ ] 'NP' carry out the program of complex year-round research in the fields of, ice studies,,,,,,. On average, an 'NP' station is the host for 600 to 650 ocean depth measurements, 3500 to 3900 complex meteorology measurements, 1200 to 1300 temperature measurements and sea water probes for, and 600 to 650 launches.,, ice and other observations are also carried out there. Regular measurements of the ice floe coordinates provide the data on the direction and speed of its drift. The modern 'NP' drifting ice station resembles a small settlement with housing for polar explorers and special buildings for the scientific equipment.

Usually an 'NP' station begins operations in April and continues for two or three years until the reaches the. Polar explorers are substituted yearly. Since 1937 some 800 people were drifting at 'NP' stations. There are two groups of 'NP' stations: • stations, drifting on the (i.e. Relatively thin and short-lived ice):'NP-1' through 'NP-5', 'NP-7' through 'NP-17', 'NP-20', 'NP-21' • stations, drifting on ice islands ( fragments, that were split from the shore): 'NP-6', 'NP-18', 'NP-19', 'NP-22'.

All 'NP' stations are organized by the Russian (former Soviet) (AARI). History [ ] An idea to use the for the exploration of nature in the high latitudes of the belongs to, who fulfilled it on between 1893 and 1896. The first stations to use drift ice as means of scientific exploration of the Arctic originated in the in 1937, when the first such station in the world,, started operations. North Pole-1 was established on May 21, 1937 some 20 km from the by the expedition into the high latitudes., led. 'NP-1' operated for 9 months, during which the ice floe travelled 2,850 kilometres.

On February 19, 1938, Soviet and took off four polar explorers from the station, who immediately became famous in the USSR and were awarded titles:, geophysicist, and their leader. Since 1954 Soviet 'NP' stations worked continuously, with one to three such stations operating simultaneously each year. The total distance drifted between 1937 and 1973 was over 80,000 kilometres.

Is particularly notable for its record drift, lasting nine years. On June 28, 1972 the ice floe with passed over the North Pole for the first time ever.

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During such long-term observations by 'NP' stations, a lot of important discoveries in were made, valuable conclusions on regularities and the connection between processes in the polar region of the 's and were obtained. Some of the most important discoveries were finding the deep-water, which crosses the Arctic Ocean, other large features of the ocean bottom's relief, the discovery of two systems of the drift (circular and 'wash-out'), the fact of ' active penetration into the. The last Soviet 'NP' station,, was closed in July 1991. In the post-Soviet era, Russian exploration of the Arctic by drifting ice stations was suspended for twelve years. The year 2003 was notable for Russia's return into the Arctic.

As of 2006, three 'NP' stations had carried out scientific measurements and research since then: 'NP-32' through 'NP-34'. [ ] The latter was closed on May 25, 2006. [ ] 'NP-35' started operations on September 21, 2007 at the point, when flags of Russia and were raised there. 22 scientists, led by A.A.Visnevsky are working on the ice floe. Establishment of the station was the third stage of the expedition.

An appropriate ice floe was searched for from, accompanied by Russia, using, for a week, until an ice floe with an area of 16 square kilometres was found. The ice has since shrunk significantly, however, and the station is now being abandoned ahead of schedule.